Three snapshots of a baseline simulation are shown (left column), along with four further simulations (P1–P4) in which the initial conditions of a single re‐entrant wave with a transmural filament are perturbed by adding a random voltage drawn from a uniform distribution in the range ±5 mV to the initial voltage at each grid point (Qu et al. ). 

Connecting tubles and collecting ducts are identified by immunolabelling for AQP2 (green). Distal convoluted tubules are identified in tubules positive for βENaC and negative for AQP2 staining (tubules marked by asterisks). Images were acquired and analysed by confocal microscopy. Nucleus is stained with 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (blue). Scale bar = 50 μm.

A, opsin distribution in the human ventricular model. Blue: opsin‐transfected tissue; black: tissue without opsins. B, Optrodes on the endocardial and epicardial surfaces in yellow. Three different optrode densities: a, 1.15 cm–2; b, 2.30 cm–2; and c, 4.61 cm–2.

A, proportions of thoracolumbar and lumbosacral colonic sensory neurons expressing transcripts for NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.5, NaV1.6, NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9. B, relative expression of NaV transcripts in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral colonic sensory neurons. C, co‐expression analysis of voltage‐gated sodium channels in both thoracolumbar (left) and lumbosacral (right) colonic sensory neuronal populations.

ACh acts primarily through Gq‐coupled M1 subtype muscarinic receptors (Gulledge et al. ) that act via phospholipase C (PLC) to generate inositol trisphosphate (IP3), thereby triggering calcium release from IP3 receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Released calcium activates SK‐type potassium channels (Gulledge & Stuart, ), but fails to return to the ER and is instead extruded from the cytosol via the plasma membrane calcium ATPase 

A and B, intracranial pressure (A) and central venous pressure (B) were measured directly via fluid coupled pressure transducers. C–E, beat‐by‐beat arterial blood pressure (C), arterial cuff pressure (D) and jugular venous cross‐sectional area (E) were measured non‐invasively. Note that intracranial, central venous and arterial pressure recordings were referenced to the external auditory meatus and right atrium, respectively (dashed lines). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

A, colour coded map of sensitivity matrix B. Columns show how a specific parameter P affects AP and CaT features; rows show how each feature is affected by different parameters. Red, blue and white pixels represent positive, negative and no substantial correlation, respectively, between parameters and features. Coefficients < −0.2 or > 0.2 are considered substantial. B and C, graphs indicating how changes in each of the parameters affect CL and DDR100.